Is Machiavelli justified in thinking that it can be right for a leader Essay

Is Machiavelli justified in thinking that it can be right for a leader to lie or break promises - Essay Example Men should not be heavily bound to keep promises, at times promises ought to be broken (Machiavelli 2004). Machiavelli describes the nature of man as being eager for personal gain, avoids danger and is dishonest at times. He also observes that all political leaders tell lies, break promises, extinguish family ruling and use religious beliefs as political tools. Lying has become part of politics and leadership systems in the society today. Lying goes hand in hand with breaking of promises (Kain 1995). A lie can be defined as untrue or false information meant to deceive another person to be as the ultimate truth. According to one of the scholars of deception, Lying is normal and it is not exceptional as human minds and bodies produce deceit. All people lie including lawyers, teachers, religious leaders and business people and it happens mostly in negotiations that are commercial oriented. Political leaders are no exceptional either; they are also involved in lying. Most leaders lie due to their desire to win over a certain agenda or issue related to political gains (Femia 2004). There are many instances that our leaders are involved in lying; current or future long term values about a good or a service, their goals, interests and priorities, when making a reservation point, if lying is the only alternative option left in a deal they are interested in, authority and ability to reduce terns of a certain contract or deal, promises, other offers; tenders, or bidders on a certain good or service, in case of a trial and finally their strength on the position they hold in leadership. Although at times some lies can usually be proved by evidences like documents signed, many forms of lies are not easily detected. Machiavelli argues that a clever leader should not keep his promises if they are not to his advantage. As far it is good to look trustworthy, religious,

Islamic Finance & Critical Success Factors Essay Example for Free

Islamic Finance Critical Success Factors Essay I Would like to take this opportunity to thank all those people who contributed their time and effort and provided their insight in enabling the compilation of this report, it is with much regret that all of their names cannot be mentioned individually here, however special mention needs to be made of certain individuals, without whose input this report would have not been possible. Mr Baratha Devanarayana course coordinator and project supervisor of the Advanced Diploma in Business Management programme at the National Institute of Business Management (NIBM) for the support and advice given in content structuring and format design of the report. Would also like to mention Mrs Zeti Akhtar Aziz, Governor of Bank Negara Malaysia and Mrs Shamshed Akhtar, Governor of the State Bank of Pakistan whose knowledge and valuable insight on the Islamic finance industry as leading professionals in the field have provided the basis on which the compilation of this report has been made possible. Executive Summary Islamic finance is a financial system based on Shariah law or Islamic law which mandates the prohibition of charging or payment of interest encourages risk and profit sharing between all parties to a contract and emphasizes the need of ethical investment which contributes to the greater good of society as a whole. Islamic finance is now one of the fastest growing financial segments in the international financial system today with an estimated annual growth rate of 15 to 20%. Industry assets worldwide are currently estimated to be between $1. 3 trillion and its industry assets and overseas portfolios are estimated to reach 4 trillion in the medium term. Diverse financial products and services, progress in developing regulatory frameworks and enhanced international linkages are driving industry growth. The critical success factors for Islamic finance to foster the growth of the industry, the application of these critical success factors and there potential applicability in the Sri Lankan context will be analysed, a comparison between Islamic finance and the conventional system on some basic indicators for competitiveness, social development and development finance will be made and the Sri Lankan and regional potential of Islamic finance will be analysed as the research undertaking of this study. The progress that has been made on certain aspects of the Islamic financial system both locally and globally, the importance of Sri Lanka fostering the growth of the Islamic finance industry are some of the issues discussed in this study. As a prelude to the research part of this study the recent developments of Islamic finance both globally and locally and the historical development of Islamic finance will be looked at to facilitate an understanding on how the system has evolved from a single institution a few decades ago to a global industry with a global presence spreading from the Middle East to Asia and the West.

A strategy and marketing plan for Coca Cola

A strategy and marketing plan for Coca Cola The strategic objective plan must be closed align to achieve targeted goal of any organisation. Effective and achievable market plan can support to meet ultimate goal of business organisation that can be profit maximization or the market leader. The effective marketing plan talks about generic strategies and strategies about pricing, distribution, promotion, advertising and market segmentation. In other hand market penetration, market share, profit margins, budget/finance, technology and culture. These are the way to meet the main objective of business. Beside of these, this research highlight mainly how strategy of organisation impact or supports on the marketing plan. When a business organisation introduces a product the organisation should have concerned marketing action plan that takes construction of the marketing plan. Marketing plan must support and promote the strategic objective of the business organisation. This research going to talk about coca cola Company which is worlds largest beverage company providing beverages such as 100 percent fruit juices and fruit drinks, sports and energy drinks, teas and coffees and milk and soy-based beverage. The main objective of this assignment is enlightening the strategic objective of coca- cola Company by relating with impact, construction and promotion or support of marketing plan. Strategic objective of Coca-Cola Company or formation of marketing plan gives the solid shape or action program of marketing plan. Evaluating and relating marketing plan with strategic objective of Coca-Cola Company. The assignment is appeared extremely play role in our study to understand the phases of the marketing plan that is situation analysis marketing strategic mix, decision, implementation and control. In one hand this assignment talks about alignment of marketing plan or phases with strategic objectives and on the other hand this assignment gives strategic marketing crucial idea to global challenge on marketing field and solution. And other hand this study gives in-depth knowledge on making marketing decision, on marketing competition, on target market and how to maximize the profit and sales. This research highlights on five different sections. In first section identifying and justifying objective of assignment and in second sections accessing organisational research, third section evaluating the risk and opportunities fourth section marketing strategies and ultimately in five section is implementing and monitoring the marketing plans and conclude with analysis and recommendation. 1.1 Explaining the strategy of the Coca-Coal impacts on marketing plan. Every organisation should have business plan which is regularly reviewed in order to regulate the business smoothly. Most of the plans are planed by corporate leader. Normally Strategic plan guides by marketing in a business organisation. It makes three type of plan that is the annual plan the long range and strategic plan. So coca- cola Companys main strategic mission, vision and objectives are to refresh the world, to inspire moments of optimism and happiness, to create value and make difference similarly vision take place within people, known as quality beverage brand, anticipate and satisfy consumers needs. Create mutual enduring value to stake holders, profit maximization and achieve short term as well long term goal and be brand. To achieve the above strategic objective as well as vision and mission. Coca-cola Company launched powerade as a new product. (This product has been chosen by FIFA to Hydrate 2010 FIFA world cup) As per the changes business environment, business organisation must adapt market opportunities so, in order to maintain strategic fit of capabilities with marketplace. The decision implementation which comes from business analysis is called marketing planning. Strategic objective of coca-cola company gives the answer of question where we going? in long term and marketing plan talks about way, from generating business mission to implementing and controlling the result of plan. Jobbers six panning question helping to coca-cola Company, the first question help to sketch the present situation of company, second question gives the analyses of company, third question looking to future plan of company accordingly six question allow to know us the plan remains unchanged, if not then company modify its plan. Marketing is not evitable component part of the strategic objective. The marketing act as bridge to pass all information of market, which are the basic needs to make strategic planning. The coca-cola company made the every market decision on the basis of market information so marketing is no avoidable from strategic planning. B1) Coca Cola company is global company to achieve the mission coca-cola Company has been produced Powerade. Now it is in market as new product but as global company it has so many challenge in macro and micro level which is can affect to achieve goal. Mainly in macro factor coca-cola Company has consider following challenge. Political factors:- Political factors mainly refers to government policy such as financial policy, legislation priority sector of government and affect to business sector directly indirectly and coca cola company cannot escape from this. Economic factors: Being global company worlds economy can affect coca-cola company. In this category refers mainly interest rates, exchange rates national income, inflation, unemployment, stock market to these. Social factor: Change in social factor can affect the business organisation mainly in social impact arise from ageing population, attitudes to work, income distribution. Company should give attention desire of people which are differ to geographically, culturally, environmentally, coca-cola realise it because demand of Europe in different from Asia. Technological change: If refers the change in technology change in product. In coca-cola different variety of coca-cola is example of this. Environment: Environment include weather and climate change for coca-cola company. According, to Asian trends if weather is hot then the demand of coca-cola will increase. Legal factor: Legal factor includes mainly competitors law these all can increase extra burden for company. Rest of these, the market also play vital role success of mission vision as well as marketing plan. In market there are many components which affect directly indirectly to achieve the goal of company. Generally we consider market size, growth rates, trends, consumer income, interest, market segmentation and supplier of coca-cola company, competitive. Similarly in internal marketing audit or micro side of coca-cola there are many component which varies relation between strategies and marketing plan they are, market share, sales, profit margin, cost, strategic issues, effectiveness of marketing mix, marketing structure, marketing system. Above each and every internal as well as external component are considerable to make marketing plan. 1.2 Identifying the component part of marketing plan of Coca-Cola. B2) SWOT analysis it examine the companys strength, weakness, opportunities and threats. After SWOT analysis we get the better idea to set marketing plans. In current state, coca-cola strength in terms of human resource, finance, market. But in terms of competition this company is Strength Company because it is market leader of beverage market. FIGURE According to above figure (SWOT analysis) sows to coca-cola company how to turn weaknesses into strength and threats into opportunities. These types of change called conversion strategies in this way SWOT analysis helps to develop strategic marketing plan. The result of marketing audit and SWOT analysis leads to coca-cola company to define marketing objectives. Objectives set the new (powerade) product sell in which market to solve this question direct the company to strategic trust that is the generic option. FIGURE ANSOFF MARIX These marketing strategies talks about the alternative comprise: Market penetration/expiation:- existing product in existing markets, basically this strategies believes old customer will be continue and new customer also begin to buy the brand. Product development:- new/related products for existing markets, this strategy explain increasing sales by improvement of product. Market development:- existing product in new/ related markets, this strategies used to sell in same product in new market. Enter in new market:- new/related product for new/related markets, this strategies will prevail when new product are develop for new market. In the context product powerade is produced by coca-cola company on the basis of product development. BCG Market direction and strategic objective must be co-related and this open the way to decide the product BCG matrix is the tools to decide about product. BCG matrix approach can help to understand mistake which is frequently made by any business organisation in this matter the current situation of coca-cola and stand place of coca-cola. This analysis clearly gives product and service portfolio of coca-cola. The strength of company helps to exploit the most alternative opportunities which are available in market for this. The company must analysis its current business portfolio and decide where it should invest and develop the strategies. BCG matrix helps to develop the strategic plans. Market share Figure of BCG According to figure starts represents high market growth and high market share so it shows they should generate large amount of cash. Cash cows indicate low market growth and high market share it means investment needed should be low keep profit high. Similarly Dogs category business shows the market growth low and market share also low which means beware of expensive turn around plans. And question mark category business means high growth market and low market share it represent high demand due to low market share. According this BCG matrix analysis coca-cola company falling on cash cow where a low growth and high market share is. So, the profit and cash generation is high because of low growth, investment needed should be low. The amount received from cash cows are often used to help other business or to give dividends to stockholders. So coca-cola should hold on what going on. Core strategies indicate the appropriate market, competitors, competitive advantage, and effectiveness of core strategy, marketing mix decision implementation, and control. Target market gives information to coca-cola company about market segmentation. In other words we can say which market is suitable for the product powerade, furthermore market segmentation talks about the segment of market where costumers are enough for product because it is impossible that all population can be the costumer of that particular product. When the coca-cola company going in market it should give look towards its competitor. If the rival competitors positions are weak then it is easy to compete. The coca-cola has strong competitor Pepsi so it needs to do extra homework before interning in market. Another component of core strategy is competitive advantage the coca-cola company can exploit competitive advantage by giving look in quality, relatively low price, providing unique service. The strategies should be sustainable so coca-cola company test the effectiveness of core strategy by using these components which is stating in figure. FIGURE P- 50,2.6 According to figure all component should support to the core strategy. In decision making process coca-cola should do homework in term of price level, promotional techniques of employ distribution methods. The most importance part of marketing plan is implementation part, it evaluate the plan is strong or week. And it needs to be revised and changed if it needed it called controlling process. 1.3 Identifying issues of risk of marketing plan of Coca-Coal. Even though there are many example of failure marketing plan because of conflict in management team, reward system, information system, culture, personalities, politics, lack of knowledge and skills. These components are enough to create risk within the coca-cola company. However, there are many methods of conflict dissolve some of them are: Senior management support:- the management should be commitment in the plan and act as middle man to give the total support. Match the planning system with culture of business:-as the example of the business top-down/bottom-up these culture can bring conflict in business. The reward system:-this should reward the achievement of long-term objective rather then exclusively focus on short-term result. Communication:-plan should be communicate within the member who are directly or indirectly involve in plan. Training and development:-training should be provided if necessary. These activities help to minimise the risk of marketing plan in implementing process of coca-cola company. Construction of marketing plan 2.1 Identifying the level of importance of each component of the plan Construction of marketing plan is no thing but it gives a concrete way to meet the strategic objective of a business. Mainly it talks about marketing audit, SWOT analysis issue, marketing strategy, market mix, finance, control and implementation. Mainly component of plan co-ordinate and integrate to all tools of marketing. Component of the plan and its important briefly. Marketing has been defined as the task of finding and filling needs. Marketing plans comes in a business organisation as supporting plan of strategic objectives. Organisation should have to make different marketing plan to different product and brand. In a marketing plan includes executive summary, the current marketing situation, threats and opportunities, objective and issues, marketing strategies, action programmes, budgets and controls. Component Importance Executive summary To present a quick overview of the plan for quick management review Current marketing situation This represent the current position of company that means background, product, competition and distribution SWOT analysis It is important because it show the companys strength, weakness, opportunities and threats Objective and issues In this areas the main issues of companys are sales, market share, profit etc that will affect the objectives of the company Marketing strategy It is important to approach to achieve the strategic objective Action programmes It gives the way, time boundary, cost so it is very important Finance/Budget This gives the constraint of finance to achieve the goal Control Indicates how the progress of plan will be monitored. Marketing Mix: To match the consumer needs coca-cola company develops the marketing mix. Manly marketing mix gives the better knowledge about four major elements. Basically it called 4Ps framework marketing mix, now it extended to 7Ps. They are product, price, place, promotion, people, process, physical evidence. The Coca-Cola Company has using 7Ps framework to make decision. And some company has used 4Cs framework also. Effective marketing mix gives decision about targeted costumer groups and choice of costumer or needs of costumer at product or service level. The roles of marketing mix in decision making place of coca-cola company are as tools to give information about competitive advantage, well blended, corporate resources. FIGURE OF EFFECTIVE MARKETING MIX p.19, f1.7 The coca-cola company directed by marketing mix that is clear performance differ from competitor so the company is single leader in beverage market. The marketing mix of coca-cola is well blended; the marketing strategy is well joined with strategy. Even though the company has some weakness in term of product, if company give a look in product then it can perform better than present. This survey show powerade should develop more new flavours according to future market demand. Powerade should update its test and out look of the bottle. In addition powerade should consider dropping flavours that show weak sales in order to accommodate new flavours. In effective marketing mix should have some characteristics the marketing mix should give decision. Which decision can address customers needs, can exploit competitive advantage, and can match with companys strategy, and well blended with 4Ps or 7Ps or 4Cs framework. These things only cover by 7Ps framework so the 7Ps framework marketing mix is effective to coca-cola company. 2.2 Identifying mitigation strategies for high risk components of the plan of Coca-Cola The introduction stages starts when products lunched in this period sales will be very slow, must of the organisation faced negative profit and high cost. There are some stages where organisation has to face high risk in innovation of new product. When the coca-cola company launched powerade the stages are: where high risk product development stage Introduction stage Growth stage After passing these stages product will be in maturity stage where organisation make more profit and try to stay in this stage after this stage is decline stage which is also risk and here need to some force/change to stay in maturity stage. The action plan, basically developing a very detailed list of to do thing where we included task, time and budget or cost framework with relating marketing mix the coca-cola company in estimate the budget and talks in marketing about activities. The company have decided the typical marketing expense to promote of Powerade. The areas of expense are marketing communication, market research, promotion, advertisement and public relations. The budget should response the key question which are arise from business mission, market audit, SWOT analysis, marketing objectives, strategies, decision implementation and finally control. The action plan is control by financial capability of the organisation. Plan cannot go very far from their budget. Budget talks about resource allocation where includes the particular of income and expenditure mainly coca-cola company divides into tow parts that is income and expenditure. The coca-cola companys main income sources are investment, sales, share, interest, etc similarly in cost side there are two types of cost that is fixed and variable cost. Fixed cost remain always same in short-term and variable overhead are depends upon unit of production. Coca-cola Company forecast the range of income and expenditure on the basis of previous income and expenditure or coca-cola company make budget on the basis of past year. The main headings of variable cost are raw materials, labour, selling and distribution etc. Marketing mix gives the core knowledge on four major elements product, price, place, promotion. Further more this framework inform about consumers needs, how to exploit the competitive advantage it blend the core strategy with marketing mix, and it helps to match corporate resources. These all things help to make right decision to headed coca-cola company. 2.3 Producing marketing plan for Coca-Cola Coca-cola Company is using the marketing mix as a tool of decision making. Marketing mix control to company it gives the information to the company whether marketing implication is in right direction or not the marketing mix of the powerade giving information to company about the powerade as a product performing well or it needs to change to change or modify in which place if performing well and where it should perform. The price set in it is reachable for customer or needs to change. What tools are using to promote it or what promotion tools are using by company like advertisement, offers, modification in shape and size, addition satisfied? And skilful people or staff, they can influence the organisation, physical evidence process where research it, physical product design which put great important in marketing mix of the powerade. Budget can influence to the marketing plan of the company if company has enough budget then marketing plan can extend programme and if company is not strong economically then company should minimize the action. In other words marketing activities or plan, keep on tract by budget over the period. There is no hard and fast rule that your marketing budget should be limits. We can assume if you planning to lunch new product then you may increase budget figure in practice 10% of your expected gross sales in maximum. So every marketing plan will control by budget. The marketing plan of powerade structure are executive summary current market situation, SWOT analysis objective and issues marketing strategy, action programmes budgets and controls incorporating to developed marketing plan for coca-cola. 3.1 Discussing how the plan support strategic objectives of Coca-Cola The coca-cola company has strategic objective some of them are to refresh the world, to inspire moment of optimum, create value and make difference, achieve the sustainable quality growth, maintain weight action and decision within the customer, take place within customer. Bring the worlds portfolio of quality beverage, create mutual enduring value within partners, maximized the profit, learn and fast moving productivity, maintain the winning culture, focus on market, work smart, etc. To gain these strategic objective marketing plan be the support programmes. The innovation of power is one of the brick of the strategic objectives. Powerade is innovative product which helping to keep satisfy customer and support by giving sports players. Now a day Powerade will concentrate on solidifying its position in the current market and aggressively targeting more casual athletes. Powerade focussing test as well which are helps to extent the market and maximize the profit. Similarly satisfy the customers desire of water. The most important part of the market strategy is to vastly expand coverage take advantage economics of scale and use the channels of coca-cola. The coca-cola company cant go far because there are budget and some controlling components constrain. The budget word itself talks, use of limited resources for rational distribution. *Within coca-cola company strategic plans are guided marketing plans. In marketing plans it has typical structure with respective purpose which is incorporated while developing marketing plan for coca-cola company. The proposes are: present a quick overview of the plan for quick management review, The marketing audit that presents background data on the market, product, competition, and distribution. The SWOT analysis presents companys main strength, weakness, and opportunities and threats facing. Defines the coca-cola companys objectives in the area like sales, market share, and profit which affect the companys objective issue, marketing strategy that presents the board marketing approach that will be use to achieve the plans of objective, action programme which specify the action plan of product Powerade and responsibilities, budget forecast the profit and loss and expected financial out comes from the plan. Control indicates the progress of the marketing plans of the Powerade and monitoring. The marketing plans of coca-cola company guided by its strategic objective marketing plans focus on distribution side like sales, consumer, profit, market share/growth, these all things guides by strategic objectives. The strategic objective and marketing plan more like same but marketing plan act as support of strategic objective. According to Jobber, there are some marketing structures. They are practiced in different company. No marketing department:-In practice small company cant afford all department financially so owners of this type of organisation function as marketing department. Functional organisation:-The small companies grow or importance of marketing realised, then this type company up great the sales as marketing department. Product-based organisation:-In this type of organisation establish marketing department for focusing a specific single product/product, their key role is to promote the brand/product. Matrix organisation:-this type of organisation use to produce wide rang of product to focusing diverse market the structure resembles a grid. Market-centred organisation:-These types of organisation focus on market demand or they develop new product on the basis of costumer needs and requirement. For example coca-cola company is market centred company it producing product as costumers test, preference feedback. FIGURE 20.11 p 777 In initial stage of implementing new marketing plan of company there were many questions within the staff and they resist directly or indirectly. To solve the resistance the company use to use various tools, one of them is reward system. It can give positive impression in the success of marketing planning in short-term as well as long term. The coca-cola company using reward system as motivation tools to staff. When coca-cola lunched powerade it announced some incentives to promote the plan they are commission for the sales depart according to their performance, 7% bonus of profit to all staff, upgrading to best performer staff. These types of reward system helps to break resistance and run the plan smoothly with full support of all staff in short-term. And in long-term reward system help to coca-cola company to implement and meet the marketing goal as well as achieve strategic plan. To implement the marketing plan successfully Wilson and Giligan introduced five point frameworks are very important and implacable for coca-cola company. Coca-cola Company has strategic linked short-run and long-run programme. These programmes are synergy with various element of marketing mix. Every segment is assessing appropriate criteria for performance. Resources are allocated rationally and with provision of review. Every product and decisions are interlinked with strategic marketing. These five points framework are helping to coca-cola company to be sensitive in consumer side, market side and to be conscious with risk Kotler et al has prescribed process of measuring and evaluating of the marketing plans control is very useful to coca-cola company. Set goals talks about what coca-cola is heading. Measuring performance it means what is happing in performance in coca-cola. Evaluating is coca-cola doing well? Corrective action what coca-cola should need to do? These controlling tools help to focus the company to achieve the ultimate goals. Jobbers concept is more concentred towards costumers satisfaction it talks about day-to-day on going Marketing activities the coca-cola company is using following tools as controlling measure. Customer satisfaction measurement:-To measure customers satisfaction coca-cola company using interview method. Sales and market share analysis:-The Company using over sales revenue to measure the sales performance and for market share it using comparison with its rival company. Cost and profitability analysis:-the company using cost and revenue analysis as control measure. (D.1-last) Assess the role of informationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. To implement the marketing plan of Pawerade successfully it is necessary to flow information top to down. So, coca-cola company used various ways to convey the massage, such as IT, meetings, seminars, notice board, etc. There are vital role of information system à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Marketing control

Malaria Essay -- Biology Medical Biomedical Disease

Abstract: Malaria, which has killed more people than those killed by all the war and all the plagues combined, is caused by a small protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium that resides within cells in the bloodstream to mature and avoid detection. There are four main species of Plasmodium that cause malaria. These species of the parasite infect humans and female anopheline mosquitoes at different stages in their life cycle. When an infected female anopheline mosquito feeds upon the blood of the vertebrate, the parasite is transferred through the saliva, into the body of the vertebrate host. Once in the bloodstream the parasite makes its way to the liver and then infects the cells in the liver and in the bloodstream. Malaria is a vector-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite, Plasmodium. It infects approximately 300 million people a year and is responsible for 1 – 1.5 million deaths each year. Though cases of this disease rarely occur in the US, they are still prevalent in developing areas of the world such as Africa, Asia, and Latin America. There are 156 species of Plasmodium that are known to infect vertebrates. From that group, there are 4 main species that cause various forms of this deadly, yet preventable and curable disease in humans: Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; Plasmodium ovale; and Plasmodium malaria, which can also cause malaria in certain species of apes that are closely related to humans. The main differences between the species of Plasmodium are the appearance (shape and size), the developmental stages of the parasite, the manner is which they infect their host, and the appearance of the blood cells that they infect. Despite the difference between these species, they still target the sa... ...cells in the liver and bloodstream. Using the protection of the cell and making proteins that cause the cells to stick the walls of the blood vessels to avoid being destroyed by the spleen, the parasite is able to stay one step ahead of the immune system of the host. In the blood stream the parasite uses the glucose need for cell process, lysis infected and uninfected blood cells, and release toxins to the blood streams that can lead to serious complications. 4 Bibliography: Mali, Sonja. "Traveler's Health: Yellow Book." Malaria. CDC. 26 Jul 2006 . "Microbiology @ Leicester." Malaria. November 11, 2005. Leicester. 26 Jul 2006 . "Malaria." Malaria. 29 July 2006. Wikipedia. 26 Jul 2006 .

Tda 2.6

Assessment Task- TDA 2. 6 Help improve own and team practice in schools. 3. Understand the work of a team. This essay will demonstrate my knowledge about working as a team, the importance of it and who forms the team at the school where I work. I will look at the aims of my school and where I fit into that as a voluntary Teaching Assistant and I will also show how other members of the team all work together to reach the same goal. One person alone could not complete the entire workload a school requires to function.To teach, to feed, to make safe, to make a happy place all needs the work of a very dedicated team who work together to achieve the same goal, at Priestsic Primary and Nursery school where I work this is: â€Å"To create a safe, healthy and stimulating environment in which the children feel secure and are willing and eager to spend their time. † And this team is also encouraged to: â€Å"allow the children to reach as high a level as their ability allows increasing their pleasure, understanding and confidence. †Priestsic Primary School-Teaching Assistant Student Booklet 2010. This is all achieved by individuals who work together, sharing ideas and knowledge to make a really good team a great one. The school staff are not the only ones encouraged to practice teamwork â€Å"Children are encouraged to work as part of a team and to respect other people’s beliefs and feelings. † Priestsics Home School Agreement 2010 This message is enforced in the Schools Home School Agreement which is given out to parents at the start of a child coming to school.There is no doubt that my school values teamwork in everyone who is associated with it. The morale of the school is very high and I have seen for myself that everyone I ask a question of, they are willing to help and if they don’t know an answer they will find someone for me who does. It is enjoyable to be at a school where everyone is happy to help each other and it is absolute ly motivational and if I feel this way as a partial outsider, then the children must also feel very proud that they belong to a school with staff members who really care about them and their education.The purpose and objectives of the team in which I work is to be focussed and knowledgeable about literacy and Maths. The teacher in the class that I work in is the Literacy co-ordinator for the Year and the teacher in the opposite side of the classroom is the Maths co-ordinator so the two teachers work very closely together, they complement each other. One takes charge of the Literacy activities and the other devises the Maths activities and they share these within the classrooms.My working environment is split into two sides with a dividing curtain, my teacher has 30 children and the other teacher has 30 children and together they make up Year Two at the school. The two teachers are constantly consulting each other about Maths and Literacy matters and they share ideas between themselv es. I work with both of the teachers and they will often give me a group of children to work with who perhaps need more support and they will introduce activities to me by explaining what they are and if I need to give specific help to someone they will give me the time to do this.The qualified Teaching Assistants in the class will help the teachers set up the activities and help with the planning and then I help, when I go in , executing the practicalities like setting out tables or making displays. â€Å"members of the team will need to understand their role and how it fits with the role of other members of the team†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Burnham and Baker 2010 When I first began my placement at Priestsic Primary and Nursery School I was given a â€Å"Teaching Assistant Student booklet† and it defines my role by stating: What will be expected of you:The children spend quite a lot of time sat on the carpet, particularly during numeracy and literacy. You will be expected to either su pport particular children or to be sat in the classroom preparing resources/displays. It goes on to say that You may also be expected to: Sharpen pencils File children’s work Supervise children’s milk time. This is my role as a student and it is what I do whenever I go into my placement. The qualified Teaching Assistant works very closely with me whose role it is to: †¢ Work under the direct instruction of teaching/senior staff, usually in the classroom. To attend to the pupils personal needs. †¢ To prepare the classroom as directed. nottinghamshirecountycouncil. gov. uk. I usually help the Teaching Assistant with her role so as to free up the teacher so she can carry out her role, which includes: †¢ Teaching all areas of the primary curriculum †¢ Organising the classroom and learning resources to create a positive learning environment. †¢ Plan, prepare and present lessons that cater for the needs of the whole ability range within the class and to †¢ Work with others to plan and co-ordinate work.TES. co. uk So the teacher, Teaching Assistant and Student Teaching Assistant all work very closely together in the classroom to support the children, we also rely on the help of the midday supervisors to look after the children at mealtimes, they ensure that they sit and eat nicely that the children clear up after themselves and they ensure acceptable standards of behaviour are maintained in the playground afterwards. If they do not they inform the teacher and necessary action will be taken, such as that child missing the next playtime.Teachers also need the help of the Administration staff who answer the telephone and act as a first point of contact for the school. They send out any necessary letters, they monitor and control visitors with the help of the Site Manager who is responsible for who comes onto the site and the security of the building. Our Site Manager at the school will also help the Teacher if she needs chairs or tables getting for displays, he cleans up any spillages and he changes the toilet rolls and is responsible for the general groundwork of the school.All of these people who help form the team at school are ultimately responsible to the Head teacher whose role it is to: †¢ Lead and manage the school †¢ To ensure the achievement of educational standards †¢ To promote and safeguard the welfare of the children. †¢ To work in partnership with the governing body, staff and parents generating the ethos and values which will underpin the school. TES. co. uk Every single person who works at a school has an important job to do even the cleaners who make a great job of keeping the classrooms clean and tidy.Without the skills set of all these people the school would not function properly and so for that reason I respect everyone who I work with. I might not know about a hazardous substance so I would have to rely on the expertise of a cleaner or the Site Manager to tell m e if I could use it or not. I do not understand the workings of the curriculum so I would need the help of the teacher to explain it to me. I think that it is absolutely vital to respect the skills and expertise of other practitioners, especially at the moment when I am so new to the school working environment.I never take anyone for granted and always listen to what they have to say. Everyone is different and even if two people have done the same course to come back and teach a class they will have different ways of doing so. I would personally never dream of going into school and try to tell somebody what to do because I feel that I don’t have the knowledge yet to do so, as described by Burnham and Baker 2010; â€Å"If a member of your team has been working in schools for a long time and a new person comes in and tells them that things should be done in a different way, it will cause bad feeling and resentment. I could not agree more with this statement and feel that you w ould gain more respect by showing that you are open to ideas and suggestions from other members of staff. It is invaluable to me to have done so from first going into school, I have learnt so much from different people and I have found that everyone treats me the same way in which I treat them, friendly, honestly and respectfully. I thoroughly enjoy working as part of a team that makes up a school.Although I am still learning about where everybody fits in I feel that every time I go into my school I learn something new about peoples roles and how they work in the successful team that is Priestsic Primary and Nursery school. Everyone values each other and no one is selfish, the staff share ideas and work together professionally to maintain the schools aim â€Å"To create a safe, healthy and stimulating environment in which the children feel secure and are willing and eager to spend their time. Teamwork is not only important in schools it is probably the most important thing in schoo ls where Teachers, Teaching Assistants, Midday Supervisors, Admin staff, Cleaners, the Site Manager and the Head teacher all work together to make the school a happy, safe, educational place to be. BIBLIOGRAPHY Priestsic Primary School – Teaching Assistant Student Booklet 2010. Priestsics Home School Agreement 2010. Burnham and Baker 2010. nottinghamshirecountycouncil. gov. uk. TES. co. uk

War of 1812 Movie Notes

Why was this insulting to America? When was it rescinded? Orders of Council were British laws requiring all ships wishing to trade with Europe to stop in a British port first. America had been a free democratic- republic nation and resorting to pay tax to Britain for international trade with Europe was outrageous. The Orders of Council were rescinded in 1812 two days before the U. S. declared war. 7. Why did America want to invade Canada?Democratic-republicans wanted Canada to expand the Agrarian republic. 8. What role did Native Americans have in this period? What was the belief among Indians regarding their role in America? Americans wanted expansion into territories controlled by Native Americans. The Whites distribute land to Native Americans to have them fight each other but Native Americans have never resorted to such tactics. 9. How many people moved westward in this time period and why would they move west? Over four hundred Native Americans moved westward in order to settle after he Louisiana Purchase. 10. Who was Tecumseh and Takatawana?Why were they important? Tecumseh and Takatawana decided that the time to act was now and gathered followers, urging them to give up textile clothing for traditional buckskin garments, arguing for the Indian's to not acknowledge the Whiteman's â€Å"ownership† of land, and urging that no Indian should cede control of land to whites. 11. How did the U. S. respond to the Indian threat? How did they believe the British were involved with the Indians? Americans responded to this threat with raging violence. They elieved the British to be supplying weapons to the Indians and influencing Tecumseh. 12.Who was William Henry Harrison and what happened at the Battle of advanced upon Tecumseh's headquarters at Tippecanoe, killed the Prophet, and burned the camp to the ground. His famous slaughter earned him vast fame and made him president in 1840. 13. How does the vote to go to war highlight sectional differences? How clo se was the vote to go to war? Why do you believe this occurred? New England, which was still making lots of money, damned the war for a free sea, and Federalists opposed the war because they were more inclined toward Britain nyway and Canada was conquered, it would add more agrarian land and increase Republican supporters.